Economics/ Business

Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a particular country or socio-economic context, or is easily converted to such a form. The main functions of money are distinguished as: a medium of exchange; a unit of account; a store of value; and, sometimes, a standard of deferred payment. Any item or verifiable record that fulfills these functions can be considered money.

Money is historically an emergent market phenomenon establishing a commodity money, but nearly all contemporary money systems are based on fiat money. Fiat money, like any check or note of debt, is without intrinsic use value as a physical commodity. It derives its value by being declared by a government to be legal tender; that is, it must be accepted as a form of payment within the boundaries of the country, for "all debts, public and private". Such laws in practice cause fiat money to acquire the value of any of the goods and services that it may be traded for within the nation that issues it.Commercial bank money is created through fractional-reserve banking, the banking practice where banks keep only a fraction of their deposits in (as cash and other highly liquid assets) and lend out the remainder, while maintaining the simultaneous obligation to redeem all these deposits upon demand. Commercial bank money differs from commodity and fiat money in two ways: firstly it is non-physical, as its existence is only reflected in the account ledgers of banks and other financial institutions, and secondly, there is some element of risk that the claim will not be fulfilled if the financial institution becomes insolvent. The process of fractional-reserve banking has a cumulative effect of money creation by commercial banks, as it expands money supply (cash and demand deposits) beyond what it would otherwise be. Because of the prevalence of fractional reserve banking, the broad money supply of most countries is a multiple larger than the amount of base created by the country's central bank. That multiple (called the money multiplier) is determined by the or other requirements imposed by financial regulators....The money of a country consists of (banknotes and coins) and, depending on the particular definition used, one or more types of (the balances held in , , and other types of ). Bank money, which consists only of records (mostly computerized in modern banking), forms by far the largest part of in developed countries

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A.R. : THE COMPLETE ANNUAL REPORT AND CORPORATE IMAGE PLANNING BOOK #1 https://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0942454081/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&qid=&sr=https://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0942454081/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&qid=&sr=

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State of New Jersey, Fiscal Year 2007-2008 BUDGET https://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B01NAM4XFM/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&qid=&sr=

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See photos CHARTERED FOR PROGRESS Two Centuries of American Banking, a Pictorial Essay http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B00329S4A4/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_used_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=used&sr=&qid=

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A Practical Guide to Tax Issues in Employment / Hardback Edition http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0808003852/ref=tmm_pap_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&qid=&sr=

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Why WE Want YOU To Be rich: Two Men, One Message https://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/1612680917/ref=tmm_pap_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&qid=&sr=

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Compensating Executives : Drafting and Managing Tax-Advantaged Arrangements http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0808002716/ref=tmm_hrd_used_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=used&qid=&sr=

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History of Herman's of Delaware with Recipes From Family and Friends ( large-heavy Spiral-bound) http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B014UYTQGU/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&qid=&sr=

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See photos Credit Manual of Commercial Laws-1995 http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0934914923/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&qid=&sr=

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Values & Visions: A Merck Century http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B000IFOEWM/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Schweppes: The First 200 Years http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0874915368/ref=dp_olp_collectible?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible

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Financial Reporting for American Cities & Ciounties, 1986: An Annual Sourcebook for government auditors, Accountants & financial Managers.. http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0444009930/ref=tmm_pap_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Business and Economic Statistics http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B002VH7MCY/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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See photos Labor in America: A History http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0882959980/ref=olp_page_3?ie=UTF8&condition=used&startIndex=20

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Success and survival in the Family-Owned business...http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0070009619/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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The winning Way...http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/099121434X/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Determinants and Effects of Changes in the Stock of Money, 1875-1960 http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B000NUUSFY/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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The family owned business http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B0006CMG5Y/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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American Book Trade Directory 2011-2012 http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/1573874086/ref=dp_olp_collectible?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible

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Sears, Roebuck and Company: 100th Anniversary 1886-1986 http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B000KS4792/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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The Perspective of the World: Civilization & Capitalism, 15th - 18th Century Volume 3 http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0060153172/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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The Value of a Dollar: Prices and Incomes in the United States, 1860-2004 http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/1592370748/ref=dp_olp_collectible?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible

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See photos The S. S. Kresge Story http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B000MHYF8O/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

Operations Research and Quantitative Economics http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B0007DEVF0/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Mayhew's London [London Labour & the London Poor] http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B000P9VWG2/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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See photos Russ Dalbey's the Real Estate Secret by Russ Dalbey [ Sealed CD-rom is included ] http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0981510825/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Boeing Versus Airbus: The Inside Story of the Greatest International Competition in Business http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/1400043360/ref=dp_olp_collectible?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible

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See photos Black Bonanza: How an Oil Hunt Grew into the Union Oil Company of California http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B00B77P02S/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Japanese Manufacturing Techniques: Nine Hidden Lessons in Simplicity http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0029291003/ref=dp_olp_collectible?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible

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Aspects of Aristocracy: Grandeur and Decline in Modern Britain http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0300059817/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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You're good for more: The story of Beneficial Corporation, 1913-1975 http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B007F7H626/ref=dp_olp_all_mbc?ie=UTF8&condition=all

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Heritage & destiny: Reflections on the Bell System in transition http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0030696070/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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The life and death of Soviet trade unionism, 1917-1928 http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B007F6FJRG/ref=dp_olp_all_mbc?ie=UTF8&condition=all

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Enterprise in Soap and Chemicals http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0719000238/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Masters of Sales: Secrets From Top Sales Professionals That Will Transform You Into a World Class Salesperson http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/1599181290/ref=dp_olp_collectible?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible

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The Steve Jobs Way: iLeadership for a New Generation http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/1593156391/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Managing the Public Sector http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B009QOJLRE/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_used_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=used&sr=&qid=

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PENNSYLVANIA AND ITS MANIFOLD ACTIVITIES http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B000BWCYZG/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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PENNSYLVANIA AND ITS MANIFOLD ACTIVITIES http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B000BWCYZG/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Master of War: Blackwater USA's Erik Prince and the Business of War http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0061651354/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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George Washington's Expense Account http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0671205897/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Nestle 125 Years 1866-1991 http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B001280W3Y/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Wealth and Poverty http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0465091059/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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The Embarrassment of Riches: An Interpretation of Dutch Culture in the Golden Age http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0394510755/ref=olp_tab_collectible?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible

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Claim administration: Principles and practices http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B0006DXJ4A/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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READINGS ON THE SOVIET ECONOMY http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B000W3PGJA/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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The State of the Garden State http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B000KZKT7O/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Coming of the Welfare State: Revised Edition http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B000WQWO42/ref=dp_olp_all_mbc?ie=UTF8&condition=all

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International Business Negotiations A Study in India: Studies in Peaceful Change http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0340115815/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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Blood and Oil: The Dangers and Consequences of America's Growing Dependency on Imported Petroleum http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0805073132

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See photos Business Voyages: Mental Maps, Scripts,schemata, and Tools for Discovering and Co-constructing Your Own Business Worlds http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/1413480829/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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See photos Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/006073132X/ref=olp_page_4?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&startIndex=30

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See photos Metering for America 125 Years of the Gas Insdustry and American Meter Co. http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B009LC2QEQ/ref=olp_tab_collectible?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible

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From Victim To Victor: A Step By Step Guide For Ending the Nightmare of Identity Theft, Second Edition with CD http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/1892126044/ref=olp_page_2?ie=UTF8&condition=used&startIndex=10

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Salem and the Indies: The Story of the Great Commercial Era of the City http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/B000L6HIS0/ref=tmm_hrd_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=

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The Central & East European Handbook: Prospects onto the 21st Century (Regional Handbook and Economic Development ) [ The Regional Handbook and Economic Development Series examines key issues affecting the economic growth of developing regions throughout the world and is designed to help business managers, researchers, and market specialists understand a variety of complex factors--social and political ] http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/0814405711/ref=tmm_other_meta_binding_collectible_olp_sr?ie=UTF8&condition=collectible&sr=&qid=